Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is often called the "silent killer" because it frequently develops without obvious early symptoms, leading to diagnosis at advanced stages when treatment is more challenging. It is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women and the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. There are several types of ovarian cancer, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common, accounting for about 85-90% of cases. Other types include germ cell tumors and sex cord-stromal tumors, which are more common in younger women.

Risk factors for ovarian cancer include advancing age (most cases occur after menopause), family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, personal history of breast cancer, and never having been pregnant. Protective factors include pregnancy, breastfeeding, use of oral contraceptives, and tubal ligation or hysterectomy. Women with strong family histories may benefit from genetic counseling and testing to assess their risk and determine appropriate screening strategies.

Early symptoms of ovarian cancer are often vague and may include abdominal bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and urinary symptoms such as urgency or frequency. These symptoms become persistent and worsen over time, distinguishing them from normal digestive issues. Advanced disease may present with more obvious symptoms such as abdominal distension, bowel obstruction, or fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites).

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and blood tests including tumor markers such as CA-125. However, definitive diagnosis requires surgical exploration and tissue biopsy. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery to remove as much cancer as possible (cytoreductive surgery) followed by chemotherapy. The extent of surgery depends on the stage and type of cancer but may include removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and other affected organs. Our multidisciplinary team works closely with oncology specialists to provide comprehensive care throughout the treatment process.