Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, particularly affecting women due to anatomical differences that make bacterial ascension from the urethra to the bladder more likely. The shorter female urethra and its proximity to the anal opening facilitate bacterial migration, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being responsible for approximately 80-85% of uncomplicated UTIs. Sexual activity, certain types of birth control, menopause, and anatomical abnormalities can increase the risk of developing UTIs.

The most common type of UTI is cystitis, which affects the bladder and causes symptoms such as burning or pain during urination, frequent urination, urgency to urinate, cloudy or bloody urine, and pelvic pain in women. More serious infections can ascend to the kidneys, causing pyelonephritis, which presents with fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and flank pain. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, where bacteria are present in the urine without symptoms, is common in certain populations but typically doesn't require treatment except during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of UTIs typically involves urinalysis and urine culture. A clean-catch midstream urine sample is analyzed for the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and nitrites. Urine culture helps identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determines antibiotic sensitivities. In women with recurrent UTIs or complicated infections, additional testing such as imaging studies or cystoscopy may be necessary to identify underlying abnormalities.

Treatment for uncomplicated UTIs usually involves a short course of oral antibiotics, with the choice of antibiotic based on local resistance patterns and patient factors. Commonly used antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and ampicillin. Symptoms typically improve within 24-48 hours of starting treatment. For women with recurrent UTIs, prevention strategies may include increased fluid intake, urination after sexual activity, proper hygiene practices, and sometimes prophylactic antibiotics or alternative treatments. Our approach includes both acute treatment and prevention strategies to reduce the likelihood of recurrent infections.